Camellias: A Guide to Growing and Designing with These Timeless Beauties

Camellias are cherished for their stunning blooms and evergreen foliage, making them a beloved addition to gardens around the world. I’m excited to share their rich history, their journey to America, the diverse types available, and how you can successfully incorporate these elegant plants into your landscape.

Camellias have a storied history that dates back over a thousand years. Originating in East Asia, particularly Japan and China, camellias were cultivated and revered for their beauty and cultural significance. In Japan, camellias, known as “Tsubaki,” have been featured in art, poetry, and tea ceremonies for centuries. The Japanese carefully selected and cultivated different varieties, leading to a rich diversity of forms and colors.

Camellias were introduced to the Western world in the 18th century, first arriving in Europe before making their way to America. The first camellia in the United States is believed to have been planted in the early 1800s in Charleston, South Carolina. Since then, camellias have become a staple in gardens, and they are admired for their ability to bloom in late fall through early spring when few other plants are in flower.

Camellias belong to the genus Camellia and include several species, with the most popular being Camellia japonica and Camellia sasanqua.

• Camellia japonica: This is the most widely grown species, known for its large, showy flowers, which come in a range of colors, including red, pink, white, and variegated. Camellia japonica typically blooms from late winter to early spring and prefers a bit of shade.
• Camellia sasanqua: Camellia sasanqua blooms earlier than Camellia japonica, often from fall to early winter. The flowers are generally smaller but are produced in greater abundance. C. sasanqua is also more tolerant of the sun and can be used as a hedge or espalier.
• Camellia reticulata: Known for its large, ruffled blooms, Camellia reticulata is less common in home gardens but is prized by collectors for its unique, sometimes irregularly shaped flowers.

Camellias are relatively low-maintenance once established, but they do require specific conditions to thrive.

1. Soil: Camellias prefer acidic, well-drained soil rich in organic matter. A pH between 5.5 and 6.5 is ideal. If your soil is alkaline, consider adding sulfur, a soil acidifier, or planting camellias in raised beds with amended soil.
2. Light: While Camellia sasanqua can tolerate full sun, most camellias prefer partial shade, particularly from the harsh afternoon sun. Morning sun with afternoon shade is ideal.
3. Watering: Camellias need regular watering, especially during dry periods. Keep the soil evenly moist but not waterlogged. Mulching around the base helps retain moisture and keeps roots cool.
4. Fertilization: Feed camellias with a balanced, acid-forming fertilizer, such as holly-tone by Espoma, after they finish blooming in the spring. Avoid fertilizing in the late summer or fall, which can encourage new growth that may not harden off before winter.
5. Pruning: Prune camellias after they finish flowering to maintain their shape and remove any dead or weak branches. This also helps improve air circulation within the plant.

Camellias are versatile plants that can be used in a variety of landscape settings. Here are some ideas for incorporating camellias into your garden:

• As Specimens: A well-placed camellia can serve as a focal point in your garden, drawing attention with its stunning blooms.
• In Mixed Borders: Camellias pair beautifully with other shade-loving plants like azaleas, ferns, and hostas. Their evergreen foliage provides structure year-round.
• As Hedges: Use Camellia sasanqua varieties for informal hedges that offer seasonal interest with their profuse blooms.
• In Containers: Smaller camellia varieties can be grown in containers, allowing you to move them to the perfect spot for viewing their blooms up close.

When designing with camellias, consider the following tips:

1. Color Harmony: Choose camellia flower colors that complement the existing palette of your garden. White camellias can brighten up shady areas, while red or pink varieties can add a pop of color.
2. Seasonal Interest: Select different camellia species to extend the blooming season in your garden. Combining C. sasanqua with C. japonica will provide flowers from fall through spring.
3. Texture and Form: Camellias offer a variety of textures and forms. Use their glossy, evergreen leaves as a backdrop for perennials and annuals with softer foliage.
4. Layering: Plant camellias in layers, with taller varieties at the back and shorter ones in the front, to create depth and interest in your landscape.

Proper planting is key to ensuring the success of your camellias.

1. Planting Time: Camellias are best planted in the fall or early spring when temperatures are mild.
2. Site Selection: Choose a location with partial shade and protection from strong winds. Ensure the soil is well-drained.
3. Planting Depth: Dig a hole twice as wide and the same depth as the root ball. Camellias should be planted at the same depth they were growing in their container. Planting too deeply can cause root rot.
4. Backfill and Water: Backfill the hole with a mix of native soil and organic compost. Water thoroughly to settle the soil and eliminate air pockets.
5. Mulching: Apply a 2-3 inch layer of mulch around the base of the plant, keeping it away from the trunk to prevent rot.
6. Watering: Keep the soil consistently moist, especially during the first year as the plant establishes its roots.

Camellias are more than just beautiful flowers; they are a testament to the rich history and horticultural traditions of East Asia. By understanding their cultural needs and using them thoughtfully in your landscape, you can enjoy these timeless plants for years to come. Whether you’re a seasoned gardener or a newcomer to camellias, these tips will help you cultivate and design with these elegant shrubs, adding a touch of grace and color to your garden.